Neoplasia endocrina múltiple tipo 1 con mutación negativa y fenocopias / Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 with negative mutation and phenocopies

Introducción: existen 4 tipos de neoplasias endocrinas múltiples, las cuales se caracterizan por la aparición de tumores en 2 o más glándulas endocrinas. La prevalencia de neoplasia endocrina múltiple 1 es aproximadamente 2 por 100 000, y constituyen una enfermedad poco frecuente. Objetivo: descartar, ante la sospecha de una neoplasia endocrina múltiple 1 con mutación negativa, otras enfermedades para poder diagnosticarla como tal. Presentación del caso clínico: mujer de 36 años, con diagnóstico de macroprolactinoma e hiperparatiroidismo primario normocalcémico (neoplasia endocrina múltiple 1 clínica), hallazgos clínicos que justificaron el estudio genético. Inicialmente para neoplasia endocrina múltiple 1, resultó negativo. En pacientes con neoplasia endocrina múltiple 1 clínica -o alta sospecha de neoplasia endocrina múltiple 1 en los que no se identifica mutación- hay que considerar que se trate de una fenocopia y ampliar el estudio genético: CDC73, CDKN1B, CaSR y AIP. También se analizaron estos genes, y fueron negativos. Otra entidad a considerar sería el hiperparatiroidismo aislado familiar. Conclusiones: llegar al diagnóstico de neoplasia endocrina múltiple 1 a veces no es tan simple, como identificar una mutación positiva. Es importante descartar fenocopias, para poder diagnosticar correctamente al paciente, pues esto determinará el seguimiento en búsqueda de otros posibles tumores, lo que -en último término- puede condicionar el pronóstico(AU)

Introduction: there are four types of multiple endocrine neoplasias which are characterized by occurrence of tumors in two or more endocrine glands. The prevalence rate of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 is 2 per 100 000 patients approximately and it is a rare disease. Objective: to rule out the existence of any other disease in order to properly diagnose a suspected multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 with negative mutation. Clinical case presentation: a 36 years-old woman diagnosed with macroprolactinoma and primary normocalcemic hyperparathyroidism (clinical multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1) and clinical findings supporting the performance of a genetic study. The study initially yielded negative results for the above-mentioned disease. However, in those patients with clinical multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1- or high suspicious of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 with no identified mutation- it must be considered that there is a phenocopy and the genetic study must be extended to include CDC 73, CDKN1B, CaSR and AIP. These genes were also analyzed with negative results. Another disease to be considered would be isolated family hyperparathyroidism. Conclusions: making the diagnosis of a multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 is not sometimes as simple as identifying a positive mutation. It is important to rule out possible phenocopies to be able to adequately diagnose a patient, since this will determine the search for other probable tumors which may ultimately influence this prognosis(AU)

Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 Presenting as Hypoglycemia due to Insulinoma

Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) mutation is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by the occurrence of parathyroid, pancreatic islet, and anterior pituitary tumors. The incidence of insulinoma in MEN is relatively uncommon, and there have been a few cases of MEN manifested with insulinoma as the first symptom in children. We experienced a 9-year-old girl having a familial MEN1 mutation. She complained of dizziness, occasional palpitation, weakness, hunger, sweating, and generalized tonic-clonic seizure that lasted for 5 minutes early in the morning. At first, she was only diagnosed with insulinoma by abdominal magnetic resonance images of a 1.3 × 1.5 cm mass in the pancreas and high insulin levels in blood of the hepatic vein, but after her father was diagnosed with MEN1. We found she had familial MEN1 mutation, and she recovered hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia after enucleation of the mass. Therefore, the early genetic identification of MEN1 mutation is considerable for children with at least one manifestation.

Multiple endocrine neoplasia: the Chilean experience

Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) types 1 and 2 are genetic diseases that are inherited as autosomal traits. The major clinical manifestations of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 include the so-called "3 P's": parathyroid, pituitary, and pancreatic tumors, including gastroenteroneuroendocrine tumors. Genetic testing can be performed on patients and the potential carriers of the menin gene mutation, but the genotype-phenotype correlation in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 is less straightforward than multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2. Most likely, the main advantage of genetic testing in MEN1 is to exclude from further studies those who are negative for the genetic mutation if they belong to a family with a known history of MEN1. In Chile, we started with rearranged during transfection proto-oncogene genetic testing (MEN2) 15 years ago. We carried out a prophylactic total thyroidectomy to prevent medullary thyroid carcinoma in a three-year-old girl who presented with microscopic medullary thyroid carcinoma. More than 90% of the individuals who tested positive using a genetic test achieved a biochemical cure compared with only 27% of patients who receive a clinical diagnosis. Mutations are mainly located in exon 11; the most common is C634W, rather than C634R. Hypertensive crisis was the cause of death in three patients, and extensive distant metastases occurred in nine (including two patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B) of 14 patients. Earlier recognition of medullary thyroid carcinoma and the other features of the disease, especially pheochromocytoma, will improve the survival rate of patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia.

Surgical treatment of pancreatic endocrine tumors in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1

Surgical approaches to pancreatic endocrine tumors associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 may differ greatly from those applied to sporadic pancreatic endocrine tumors. Presurgical diagnosis of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 is therefore crucial to plan a proper intervention. Of note, hyperparathyroidism/multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 should be surgically treated before pancreatic endocrine tumors/multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 resection, apart from insulinoma. Non-functioning pancreatic endocrine tumors/multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 >1 cm have a high risk of malignancy and should be treated by a pancreatic resection associated with lymphadenectomy. The vast majority of patients with gastrinoma/multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 present with tumor lesions at the duodenum, so the surgery of choice is subtotal or total pancreatoduodenectomy followed by regional lymphadenectomy. The usual surgical treatment for insulinoma/multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 is distal pancreatectomy up to the mesenteric vein with or without spleen preservation, associated with enucleation of tumor lesions in the pancreatic head. Surgical procedures for glucagonomas, somatostatinomas, and vipomas/ multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 are similar to those applied to sporadic pancreatic endocrine tumors. Some of these surgical strategies for pancreatic endocrine tumors/multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 still remain controversial as to their proper extension and timing. Furthermore, surgical resection of single hepatic metastasis secondary to pancreatic endocrine tumors/multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 may be curative and even in multiple liver metastases surgical resection is possible. Hepatic trans-arterial chemo-embolization is usually associated with surgical resection. Liver transplantation may be needed for select cases. Finally, pre-surgical clinical and genetic diagnosis of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 syndrome and localization of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1related tumors are crucial for determining the best surgical strategies in each individual case with pancreatic endocrine tumors.

Neoplasia endocrina múltiple tipo 1 / Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1

Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (NEM1) is an uncommon autosomal dominant disease caused by an alteration of menin, a tumor suppression protein and is characterized by the presence of primary tumors in at least two different endocrine tissues. It is described as the “three P disease”since it involves mainly the pituitary, parathyroid and pancreas. However more than 20 different tumor locations have been described. Most tumors are benign and primary hyperparathyroidism is the first manifestation of the disease in 90 percent of cases enteropancreatic tumors appear in approximately 60 percent of patients and pituitary adenomas, usually prolactinomas, in 30 percent. Skin lesions, non functional adrenal adenomas and neuroendocrine tumors such as carcinoid are also part of the disease. We describe the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment of NEM1.

Hiperparatireoidismo primário familiar isolado: análise e descrição de uma família com seis casos índices: [carta ao editor] / Familial isolated primary hyperparathyroidism: description and analyses of six cases: [letter to the editor]

Objetivamos descrever e analisar uma família com seis casos de hiperparatireoidismo familiar isolado (HFI), uma rara doença hereditária de padrão autossômico dominante, caracterizada por hiperparatireoidismo primário sem associação com outras doenças ou tumores endocrinológicos. O diagnóstico foi realizado através da demonstração de hipercalcemia, aumento dos níveis de paratormônio e tumores de paratireóide à histopatologia, excluindo-se neoplasias endócrinas múltiplas do tipo 1 (NEM 1) e do tipo 2a (NEM 2a), além da síndrome hiperparatireoidismo/tumor de mandíbula (HPT/TM). Analisamos a descrição dos exames diagnósticos iniciais, a abordagem cirúrgica, os laudos histopatológicos pós-operatórios e suas evoluções. A primeira paciente operada neste instituto há 20 anos, recidivou onze anos após, e possuía uma irmã com diagnóstico prévio, o que motivou a investigação de outros familiares. A observação do caráter familial nesses pacientes contribuiu para a facilitação diagnóstica e encaminhamento terapêutico dos mesmos, assim como a orientação clínica e genética à família.

Our objective is to evaluate and describe one family with six cases of familial isolated primary hyperparathyroidism (HFI), a rare hereditable disorder with an autossomal dominant mode of inheritance. It is characterized by a primary hyperparathyroidism without association with other endocrine tumors or diseases. The HFI diagnosis relied on the demonstration of hypercalcemia, inappropriately high levels of parathyroid hormone, and parathyroid adenomas, plus exclusion of NEM 1/2a and HPT/TM syndrome in this family. We analyzed the description of the first diagnosis, surgical approach, postoperative histopathological results and their development process. The first patient, treated in our institute twenty years ago, has recidivated eleven years after the treatment. Her sister had had the same diagnosis, which motivated us to investigate theirs relatives. The analysis of the characteristics that run in these patients' family has contributed to facilitate their diagnosis and therapeutic treatment, including clinical and genetic orientation of this family.

The impact of clinical and genetic screenings on the management of the multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1

PURPOSE: To perform clinical and genetic screening for multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) in patients at the Academic Hospital of the University of São Paulo School of Medicine, and to analyze its impact on clinical management of patients with MEN1. METHODS: The clinical diagnosis of MEN1 was made in accordance with the Consensus on multiple endocrine neoplasias. Mutation analysis of the entire MEN1 tumor suppressor gene and genetic screening of at-risk family members were performed by direct sequencing. To analyze the implementation of genetic diagnosis, the studied patients were separated into 3 groups: MEN1 index cases (group I), clinically diagnosed MEN1 cases (group II), and genetically diagnosed MEN1 cases (group III). RESULTS: In total, 154 individuals were clinically and genetically studied. We identified 12 different MEN1 mutations. Fifty-two MEN1 cases were identified: 13 in group I, 28 in group II, and 11 in group III. The mean age in group III (27.0 years) was significantly lower than in groups I (39.5 years) and II (42.4 years; P = 0.03 and P = 0.01, respectively). Patients in groups I and II mostly presented 2 or 3 MEN1-related tumors, while 81.8 percent of those in group III presented 1 or no MEN1-related tumor. Additionally, in group III, 45.4 percent of cases were asymptomatic, and no metastasis or death was verified. Surveillance for MEN1 mutations allowed the exclusion of 102 noncarriers, including a case of MEN1 phenocopy. CONCLUSION: Our data supports the benefits of clinical and genetic screening for multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 in the management of this syndrome.

OBJETIVOS: Realizar rastreamentos clínico e gênico para Neoplasia Endócrina Múltipla tipo 1 (NEM1) e analisar seu impacto no seguimento clínico desses pacientes no Hospital das Clínicas, SP. MÉTODOS: O diagnóstico clínico de NEM1 foi realizado de acordo com o Consenso sobre neoplasias endócrinas múltiplas. A análise genética para identificação de mutações foi realizada por sequenciamento automático de todas as regiões codificadoras e fronteiras exon/intron do gene MEN1. Os casos afetados foram sub-divididos em 3 grupos e analisados separadamente: casos-índices (grupo I), familiares diagnosticados clinicamente (grupo II) e genicamente (grupo III). RESULTADOS: Um total de 154 casos participou desse estudo, sendo 52 diagnosticados com NEM1: 13 do grupo I, 28 do grupo II e 11 do grupo III. A idade média ao diagnóstico no grupo III (27 anos) foi significativamente menor que a dos grupos I (39,5 anos; p = 0,03) e II (42,4 anos; p = 0,01). A maioria dos pacientes dos grupos I e II apresentou 2 ou 3 tumores, enquanto que 81,8 por cento dos casos do grupo III apresentavam 1 ou nenhum tumor relacionado à NEM1. Além disto, 45,4 por cento dos casos do grupo III eram assintomáticos, não sendo observados nenhuma metástase ou óbito. Os demais 102 familiares sob-risco estudados não herdaram mutação MEN1 e foram excluídos do rastreamento clínico. Um caso de fenocópia NEM1 foi também localizado. DISCUSSÃO: Nossos dados demonstraram importantes benefícios no seguimento dos pacientes NEM1, obtidos pela implementação dos rastreamentos clínico e gênico para essa doença.

Neoplasia endócrina múltipla tipo 1: diagnóstico clínico, laboratorial e molecular e tratamento das doenças associadas / Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN 1): clinical, biochemical and molecular diagnosis and treatment of the associated disturbances

As síndromes de neoplasias endócrinas múltiplas (NEM) incluem as do tipo 1 (MEN 1) e 2 (MEN 2), a síndrome de von Hippel-Lindau, neurofibromatose tipo 1 e o complexo de Carney. Estas são síndromes genéticas complexas decorrentes de ativação ou inativação de diferentes tipos de genes envolvidos na regulação da proliferação celular. Nesta revisão, discutiremos as manifestações clínicas e o acompanhamento da MEN 1, assim como o rastreamento genético de potenciais portadores de alterações no gene MEN 1. A MEN 1 inclui o desenvolvimento de hiperparatiroidismo primário multifocal, tumores de ilhotas pancreáticas e adenomas de hipófise. Além disso, alguns pacientes podem apresentar manifestações cutâneas como angiofibromas e colagenomas e ainda podem desenvolver outras neoplasias como tumores carcinóides, tumores de tiróide, adenomas de adrenal, lipomas, feocromocitomas e meningiomas. A MEN 1 é uma síndrome hereditária, transmitida de forma autossômica dominante e causada por mutação inativadora do gene MEN 1. O gene MEN 1 codifica uma proteína denominada "menin", que é um gene supressor tumoral. Vários estudos demonstraram sua importância na regulação da proliferação celular e confirmaram seu papel na patogênese da MEN 1. A identificação do gene MEN 1 e sua análise genética resultaram na possibilidade de monitoração de pacientes que ainda não apresentam manifestações clínicas associadas a esta síndrome e diagnóstico precoce e tratamento dos pacientes afetados. Tais medidas poderão implicar em sobrevida maior para estes pacientes. Estudos adicionais visando uma melhor compreensão da função e dos mecanismos de sinalização da proteína "menin" poderão propiciar alternativas terapêuticas para os pacientes que evoluem com malignização de tumores relacionados à MEN 1, podendo resultar em maior sobrevida.

A germline mutation in a Thai family with familial multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1.

Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1, caused by the mutation in the MEN1 gene, is an autosomal dominant disorder with over 95% penetrance characterized by hyperparathyroidism, pancreatic endocrine tumor and pituitary tumor. The authors performed a molecular analysis to identify a mutation in a Thai man with MEN1. He was found to be heterozygous for IVS6 + 1G to A. Two of his three children were also found to carry this mutation. The newly available genetic test for patients with MEN1 in Thailand makes it possible to accurately DNA-based diagnose clinically suspected individuals and their presymptomatic members, which has important therapeutic impacts on them.

Neoplasia endocrina múltiple tipo 1: caso clínico / Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1: clinical case

Las neoplasias endocrinas múltiples se caracterizan por la presencia de tumores en dos o más glándulas endocrinas en un mismo paciente. Actualmente se conocen tres tipos fundamentales que son: neoplasia endocrina múltiple tipo 1, tipo 2 y tipo 3. La neoplasia endocrina múltiple tipo 1 se caracteriza por presentar tumores en la paratiroides, la hipófisis y el páncreas, en forma secuencial o simultánea, cuya histología puede ir desde hiperplasias hasta adenomas y carcinomas, productores o no de hormonas. La clínica varía según los órganos afectados y su grado de compromiso, así como de las distintas sustancias secretadas por las neoplasias. Su morbimortalidad se relaciona principalmente con los tumores productores de gastrina. Se presenta un caso clínico y una revisión del tema

Sindrome de Zollinger-Ellison: uma revisao / Zollinger-Ellison syndrome: review article

Apesar de sua raridade, a Sindrome de Zollinger-Ellison (SZE) foi alvo de intensos estudos, os quais contribuiram para a construcao da moderna endocrinologia gastrointestinal. Tradicionalmente, as estrategias diagnosticas e terapeuticas voltaram-se apenas ao controle da hipersecrecao gastrica, obtido geralmente atraves da gastrectomia total. Entretanto, com o desenvolvimento de drogas eficazes na inibicao da secrecao gastrica, as atencoes tem se voltado as possibilidades de resseccao cirurgica e cura do processo neoplasico. A localizacao do tumor (atraves de estudos bioquimicos, radiologicos e endoscopicos) e uma etapa essencial para o...

Diagnostico molecular de neoplasia endocrina multiple tipo 1 (MEN-1) en una familia argentina afectada / Molecular diagnosis in an Argentine family with multiple endocrine neoplasia type-1 (MEN-1)

La Neoplasia Endocrina Múltiple tipo 1 (MEN-1) es una enfermedad genética autosómica dominante caracterizada por la presencia de neoplasias de paratiroides, páncreas endocrino e hipófisis anterior. El locus del MEN-1 se localizó en el cromosoma 11 banda q13. El análisis de ligamiento por restricción (A.L.) y las determinaciones hormonales permiten el diagnóstico precoz de los individuos afectados. Se estudió en su lugar de residencia a los veinte integrantes vivos de la primera, segunda y tercera generación de una familia con MEN-1, para determinar la presencia de marcadores genéticos moleculares en el locus del gen MEN-1 11q13, por A.L. y detectar en la tercera generación portadores presintomáticos por A.L. y enfermos por determinaciones hormonales y evaluación clínica. Se hallaron dos marcadores polimórficos a ambos lados de locus del MEN-1: PYGM y D11S987, haplotipos segregados por los dos integrantes enfermos de la segunda generación, heredados del padre, en un enfermo y un portador presintomático de la tercera generación. El resto de los integrantes no heredó el alelo ligado al MEN-1 con una confiabilidad del 99 per ciento. Con respecto a los hallazgos clínicos y de laboratorio encontramos en la tercera generación dos portadores de los marcadores moleculares del MEN-1, uno con litiasis renal, parathormona (PTH), prolactina (PRL) y glucagon elevados y otro con PTH elevada asintomático. Entre los que heredaron el alelo normal, prolactina (PRL) y glucagon elevados y otro con PTH elevada asintomático. Entre los que heredaron el alelo normal, uno presentó glucagon elevado, otro gastrina elevada y otro PTH elevada, todos asintomáticos. Establecimos el diagnóstico molecular de la familia estudiada y se detectó un portador presintomático. De acuerdo a la literatura y nuestros hallazgos, la precisión del diagnóstico molecular nos permitiría excluir del seguimiento a los portadores del alelo normal.

Macroprolactinoma como componente da síndrome de neoplasia endócrina múltipla tipo I / Macroprolactinoma how component of multiple endocrine neoplasm type I syndrome

Com o objetivo de discutir peculiaridades clínicas da neoplasia endócrina múltipla (NEM) do tipo 1 säo apresentados oito casos de uma família afetada, dos quais quatro se submetem a investigaçäo médica. Alguns aspectos clínicos se sobressaem nessa série, tais como: o macroprolactinoma em três casos foi o principal responsável pelas manifestaçöes da síndrome e em dois casos mostrou caráter invasivo; incidência maior no sexo masculino; a precocidade do surgimento dos sintomas (21 a 32 anos de idade) e possível ausência de comprometimento pancreático. A falta de comprometimento pancreático sugere que pode se tratar de uma variante incompleta da síndrome de NEM tipo 1, embora o acompanhamento pancreático seja necessário para se confirmar esta hipótese. A adenomectomia hipofisária foi realizada em dois casos, um dos quais faleceu em consequencia de recidiva tumoral e o controle dos níveis de prolactina foi obtido com bromocriptina no outro caso; bromocriptina foi a única terapeutica utilizada no terceiro paciente. Três pacientes realizaram paratiroidectomia total seguido de implante autólogo das paratireóides em dois deles. O implante manteve calcemia normal em ambos os casos. Recomenda-se repetidas determinaçöes de calcemia em todos os portadores de tumor hipofisário, como meio de identificar portadores de NEM do tipo 1

Multiple endocrine neoplasia type-1.

A 38-year-old man with multiple endocrine neoplasia type-1 (Wermer's syndrome) is described. The patient had refractory duodenal ulcers and raised basal acid output (55 mmol/hour) and fasting serum gastrin (1190 pg/ml). Abdominal CT scan revealed mass lesions (gastrinomas) in the head of the pancreas. He also had persistent hypercalcemia, hypophosphatemia, right ureteric calculi, increased urinary calcium and phosphorus and enlarged parathyroids on ultrasound and CT of the neck. Parathormone level was raised, but the pituitary gland was normal on CT scan of the head. The patient was managed initially with histamine H2-blockers, omeprazole and parathyroidectomy; enucleation of the tumor masses in the pancreas was done subsequently.